Plataforma laboratorial para monitorear el SARS-CoV-2 basada en la vigilancia de influenza y otros virus respiratorios en Perú / Laboratory platform for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 based on surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses in Peru

RESUMEN En el Perú, la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha evidenciado la utilidad de tener un sistema de vigilancia laboratorial estructurado y en funcionamiento desde hace 22 años, basado en la vigilancia de influenza; inicialmente en modalidad de unidades centinela, y después fortaleciéndose e innovándose, con recursos propios y con apoyo externo, para generar información de calidad. Se han implementado avances biotecnológicos para la confirmación diagnóstica e incrementado las capacidades de la red nacional de laboratorios, manteniendo la eficiencia, considerando las diversas y complejas realidades de los niveles regionales, y superando dificultades de comunicación y articulación entre instituciones. Resulta necesario consolidar este sistema, con trabajo colaborativo y coordinado entre sus componentes, impulsando su eficacia y oportunidad y promoviendo la vigilancia genómica de nuevos virus y variantes, como actualmente ocurre con el SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT In Peru, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the usefulness of having a structured laboratory surveillance system that has been operational for 22 years, based on influenza surveillance; initially in the form of sentinel units, and later strengthened and innovated, with its own resources and with external support, to provide quality information. Biotechnological advances have been implemented for diagnostic confirmation and the capacity of the national laboratory network has been expanded, maintaining efficiency, considering the diverse and complex realities of each region, and overcoming difficulties regarding communication and articulation between institutions. It is necessary to consolidate this system, with collaborative and coordinated work between its components, boosting its effectiveness and timeliness and promoting genomic surveillance of new viruses and variants, as is currently the case with SARS-CoV-2.

Aprendizados no enfrentamento à pandemia / Lessons learned in coping with the pandemic

O novo coronavírus (SARSCoV-2) instaurou inúmeros desafios no contexto da gestão pública, não só da saúde pública, mas também da economia e da educação; e ainda nos aspectos da vida social e individual, deixando centenas de milhões de casos e milhões de mortes, transformando a realidade conhecida. Diante deste contexto este e-book buscou agregar e compilar experiências da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Goiás (SES/GO) no enfrentamento à pandemia, nos mais diferentes aspectos da gestão em saúde (vigilância, regulação, assistência, transparência, gestão de pessoas, entre outros)

The new coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) has created numerous challenges in the context of public management, not only in public health, but also in the economy and education; and even in the aspects of social and individual life, leaving hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths, transforming the known reality. Given this context, this e-book sought to aggregate and compile experiences of the State Department of Health of Goiás (SES/GO) in facing the pandemic, in the most different aspects of health management (surveillance, regulation, assistance, transparency, people management , between others)

Estructura genética de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis farmacorresistentes en Perú con base en haplotipos obtenidos de un ensayo de sonda lineal / Genetic structure of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Peru based on haplotypes obtained from a linear probe assay

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la estructura genética de las cepas drogorresistentes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis que circularon en todo el Perú durante los años 2011-2015 a través de haplotipos obtenidos de un ensayo con sondas en línea. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 6589 muestras que ingresaron al Instituto Nacional de Salud para el diagnóstico rutinario mediante el ensayo GenoType® MTBDRplus v2, durante el periodo de estudio. Se crearon haplotipos resistentes mediante la concatenación de 21 sitios polimórficos de los genes evaluados por el ensayo con sondas en línea, y se realizó el análisis de asociación con fenotipos obtenidos por el método de proporciones agar 7H10. Resultados. Las mutaciones de mayores frecuencias fueron: rpoB S531L (55,4%) y rpoB D516V (18,5%) para la resistencia a rifampicina, y katG S315T (59,5%) e inhA c-15t (25,7%) para la resistencia a isoniacida. Se obtuvieron 13 haplotipos representativos (87,8% de muestras analizadas) de los cuales seis correspondieron al genotipo multidrogorresistente, cuatro al genotipo monorresistente a isoniacida y tres al genotipo monorresistente a rifampicina. Dieciocho departamentos, y la provincia del Callao, presentaron una alta diversidad haplotípica; cuatro presentaron moderada diversidad y dos presentaron baja diversidad. Conclusiones. Existe una alta diversidad haplotípica en la mayoría de los departamentos, además de una concentración de las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis drogorresistentes en las ciudades de Lima y Callao. Asimismo, las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis con perfil drogorresistente que circulan en el Perú contienen principalmente los marcadores genéticos de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial asociados con la resistencia frente a rifampicina e isoniacida.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the genetic structure of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that circulated throughout Peru during the years 2011-2015, by using haplotypes obtained from a line probe assay. Materials and methods. A total of 6589 samples that were admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Salud for routine diagnosis using the GenoType® MTBDRplus v2 assay were analyzed during the study period. Resistant haplotypes were created by concatenating 21 polymorphic sites of the evaluated genes using the line probe assay; and the association analysis was carried out with phenotypes obtained by the 7H10 agar ratio method. Results. The most frequent mutations were: rpoB S531L (55.4%) and rpoB D516V (18.5%) for rifampicin resistance, and katG S315T (59.5%) and inhA c-15t (25.7%) for isoniazid resistance. We obtained 13 representative haplotypes (87.8% of analyzed samples), 6 corresponded to the multidrug-resistant genotype, 4 to the isoniazid mono-resistant genotype and 3 to the rifampicin mono-resistant genotype. Eighteen regions and the province of Callao showed high haplotype diversity; four showed moderate diversity and two showed low diversity. Conclusions. Most regions showed high haplotype diversity; in addition, most drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were concentrated in the cities of Lima and Callao. Likewise, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in Peru mainly contain the genetic markers with the highest prevalence worldwide, which are associated with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid.

La bioseguridad en el desarrollo tecnológico de las investigaciones biomédicas / Biosecurity in the technological development of biomedical research

RESUMEN La bioseguridad juega un papel importante en las investigaciones biomédicas. Es preciso conocer las medidas recomendadas para el control de enfermedades en los entornos laborales donde los trabajadores corren el riesgo de contraer enfermedades y convertirse en fuente de infección para los pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir con la divulgación de las medidas de bioseguridad en los laboratorios biomédicos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los principales artículos publicados en inglés y español en PubMed, SciELO y MEDLINE. Resulta de gran importancia la divulgación de las medidas de bioseguridad, a fin de garantizar su conocimiento por parte de los profesionales de los diferentes tipos de laboratorios. Ellos están obligados a desarrollar o adoptar un manual de operaciones o de bioseguridad que identifique los riesgos que se encontrarán o puedan producirse, y especifique las prácticas y procedimientos destinados a minimizar o eliminar las exposiciones a estos (AU).

ABSTRACT Biosecurity plays an important role in biomedical research. It is necessary to know the recommended measures for disease control in work environments where workers are at risk of contracting diseases and becoming a source of infection for patients. The aim of this work is to contribute to the dissemination of biosafety measures in biomedical laboratories. A systematic review of the main articles published in English and Spanish in PubMed, SciELO and MEDLINE was carried out. The dissemination of biosafety measures is of great importance in order to ensure their knowledge by professionals in the different types of laboratories. They have to develop or adopt a manual of operations or biosecurity that identifies the risks that will be found or may occur, and specifies the practices and procedures to minimize or eliminate exposures to them (AU).

Guia para diagnóstico laboratorial em saúde pública: orientações para o sistema nacional de laboratórios de saúde pública [recurso eletrônico] / Guide to Public Health Laboratory Diagnosis: Guidelines for the National Public Health Laboratory System [electronic resource]

O presente guia tem como finalidade auxiliar e orientar a atuação dos integrantes do Sistema Nacional de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública (Sislab), instituído pela Portaria GM/MS n. 2.031, de 23 de setembro de 2004, que, entre suas competências, define o Sislab como um sistema organizado em sub-redes por agravos ou programas, de forma hierarquizada por grau de complexidade, e que se configura dentro dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

African countries established COVID-19 testing in one month: Here's how they did it

Background: As a novel and deadly acute respiratory syndrome, which later became known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread beyond China in late January 2020, there were no laboratories in Africa that could test for the disease. However, in early March, just over a month later, 42 African countries had developed the expertise and resources to perform COVID-19 testing. Our goal was to document this public health success story, learn from it, and use it to inform future public health action. Intervention: Three groups were primarily responsible for establishing COVID-19 testing capacity in Africa. The first group comprised early test manufacturers who reacted with incredible speed and ingenuity early in the pandemic, such as the German company TIB MolBiol that developed a molecular test for COVID-19 before the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence was available. The second group included private and public donors such as the Jack Ma Foundation, and the last were the coordinators of the rollout, such as the World Health Organization and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lessons learnt: The first lesson was that speed is critical, especially during a crisis. It was also demonstrated that being a predictable and transparent trusted institution opens doors and improves effectiveness. Africa CDC, which was only three years old, was able to secure significant resources from external partners and rapidly build substantial testing capacity within Africa because it is a trusted institution. Recommendations: Low- and middle-income countries must build local trusted institutions to better prepare for public health challenges

Manual de procedimientos para la gestión de insumos y reactivos del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública / Procedures manual for the management of supplies and reagents of the National Public Health Laboratory

En el presente manual se establecen las directrices que garanticen el cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas para la recepción, almacenaje, distribución, registro y control de uso de los insumos y reactivos de laboratorio nacional de salud pública. (LNSP)

This manual establishes the guidelines that guarantee compliance with good practices for the reception, storage, distribution, registration and control of the use of supplies and reagents from the national public health laboratory (LNSP)

Lineamientos técnicos para el diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria / Technical guidelines for the microscopic diagnosis of malaria

En los presentes lineamientos se destacan las disposiciones de bioseguridad que los profesionales deben seguir en el laboratorio, para protección personal. Así mismo se brinda una detallada descripción de la toma de muestras, la limpieza de los portaobjetos y errores que deben prevenirse al recolectar muestras, además, se enuncian los materiales y procedimientos de tinción, observación microscópica del parásito y los diferentes estadios, densidad parasitaria, forma correcta de conteo y reporte

These guidelines highlight the biosecurity provisions that professionals must follow in the laboratory, for personal protection. Likewise, a detailed description of the sampling, the cleaning of the slides and errors that must be prevented when collecting samples is provided, in addition, the materials and staining procedures, microscopic observation of the parasite and the different stages, parasitic density, are listed. correct way of counting and reporting

Interpretación de resultados de laboratorio para diagnóstico de COVID-19, 6 de mayo del 2020 / Interpretation of laboratory results for COVID-19 diagnosis, 6 May 2020 / Interpretação dos resultados laboratoriais para o diagnóstico de COVID-19, 6 de maio de 2020

La confirmación etiológica de la infección por el virus que causa la COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) solo puede hacerse mediante ensayos de laboratorio. La interpretación adecuada de los resultados obtenidos en cualquier tipo de ensayo debe ser realizada cuidadosamente y teniendo en cuenta la dinámica de la infección (momento en que se toma una muestra y la calidad de dicha muestra) y el objetivo por el cual se toma una muestra (diagnóstico, seroprevalencia, etc.).

Etiological confirmation of COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infection can only be made by laboratory tests. In general, the currently available assays for COVID-19 can be classified into two groups: • The first group (virological tests) includes tests that can detect the presence of the components of the virus (genetic material or antigens).

A interpretação adequada dos resultados obtidos em qualquer tipo de ensaio deve ser realizada com cuidado e levar em consideração a dinâmica da infecção (quando a amostra é coletada) e o objetivo para o qual a amostra é coletada (diagnóstico, soroprevalência, etc.).

Directrices de laboratorio para la detección y el diagnóstico de la infección con el virus COVID-19 / Laboratory guidelines for the detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 virus infection

Los coronavirus son un grupo de virus ARN altamente diversos de la familia Coronaviridae que se dividen en 4 géneros: alfa, beta, gamma y delta, y que causan enfermedades de leves a graves en humanos y animales (1-3). Existen coronavirus humanos endémicos como los alfacoronavirus 229E y NL63 y los betacoronavirus OC43 y HKU1 que pueden causar enfermedades de tipo influenza o neumonía en humanos (1, 3). Sin embargo, dos coronavirus zoonóticos que causan enfermedades graves en humanos han emergido: el coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV) en 2002-2003 y el coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS-CoV) (1-5).

Diagnóstico da rede de atendimento laboratorial de hanseníase no Departamento Regional de Saúde XV, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo / Diagnóstico de la red de atención de laboratorio de lepra en el Departamento Regional de Salud XV, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil / Diagnosis of the leprosy laboratory care network in Regional Health Department XV, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

Objetivo: Apresentar o diagnóstico situacional da rede laboratorial para hanseníase na região de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Pesquisa de avaliação com desenho descritivo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário online preenchido pelos responsáveis pelo programa de hanseníase, em 2018. Resultados: Todos os 102 municípios que compõem a região enviaram os dados solicitados, 84 (82,4%) solicitavam a baciloscopia; e destes, 68 receberam capacitação. Do total, 11,7% enviavam baciloscopia para outros laboratórios sem respeitar a rede de referência. Apenas 59 (57,8%) solicitavam a biópsia, e destes, 47 tinham médico responsável pela coleta e 31 não respeitavam a rede de referência para encaminhamento das biópsias. Foram descritos, como aspectos que dificultavam o diagnóstico dos casos de hanseníase na região, a falta de sala adequada, poucos profissionais capacitados, ausência de material para transporte e de requisição de exames impressa. Conclusão: A rede laboratorial se encontra fragilizada, necessitando reestruturação.

Objetivo: Presentar el diagnóstico de la situación de la red de laboratorios para lepra en la región de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio de evaluación con diseño descriptivo. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un formulario en línea por cada persona responsable del programa de lepra en 2018. Resultados: Los 102 municipios que conforman la región enviaron los datos solicitados, el 82,4% (84/102) solicitaba la baciloscopia y de estos 68 recibieron capacitación. Del total, el 11.7% enviaba la baciloscopia a otros laboratorios sin respetar la red de referencia. Solo el 57,8% (59/102) solicitó una biopsia, y de estos, 47 tenía un médico responsable de la recolección y 31 no respetaron la red de referencia para enviar las biopsias. Los aspectos que dificultan el diagnóstico de casos de lepra en la región SJRP se describieron como la falta de una sala adecuada, profesionales capacitados, ausencia de material para el transporte y de solicitudes de exámenes impresos. Conclusión: La red de laboratorios está fragilizada y debe ser respetada en su composición inicial o reexaminada y reorganizada.

Objective: To present the situational diagnosis of the leprosy laboratory reference network in the region of São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. Methods: This was an evaluation study with a descriptive design. The data were collected by means of an online form filled in by those in charge of the leprosy program in 2018. Results: All 102 municipalities that make up the region provided the requested data, 82.4% (84/102) requested slit-skin smear microscopy and of these 68 received training. Of the total, 11.7% sent slit-skin smears to other laboratories outside the reference network. Only 57.8% (59/102) requested a biopsy, of these 47 had a doctor responsible for taking the biopsy sample and 31 did not send biopsy samples for analysis in the reference network. Lack of an adequate room, few trained professionals, absence of material for transportation and absence of printed test requisitions were described as aspects that hinder leprosy case diagnosis in the region. Conclusion: The laboratory network is fragile and needs to be restructured.

Vigilancia de laboratorio de dengue y otros arbovirus en Cuba, 1970-2017 / Laboratory surveillance of dengue fever and other arboviruses in Cuba, 1970-2017

Los arbovirus constituyen una de las principales causas de emergencia en salud por la morbilidad y mortalidad que producen y el estrés sanitario que conllevan. Cuba no ha estado excenta de riesgo, y el enfrentamiento del dengue inicialmente y de otros arbovirus después, ha sido, y es, una prioridad de las máximas autoridades del país. La vigilancia de laboratorio de dengue se estableció desde inicios de la década del 70 aunque sus objetivos y estrategias han cambiado según la situación epidemiológica nacional y regional y la tecnología de diagnóstico disponible. Se destacan cuatro etapas en su desarrollo. En este trabajo se resumen las estrategias desarrolladas para la vigilancia de laboratorio de dengue y de otros arbovirus en el periodo de 1970 a 2017. Se describe además el papel desempeñado por el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, ¨Pedro Kouri¨ (IPK) como Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia(AU)

Arboviruses are one of the leading causes of health emergencies due to their morbidity and mortality and the sanitary stress they bring about. Cuba has not been free from risk, and the response first to dengue fever and then to other arboviruses has been and still is a priority for the country's top authorities. Laboratory surveillance of dengue fever was implemented in the 1970s, though its aims and strategies have evolved in keeping with the national and regional epidemiological situation, and the available diagnostic technology. Four stages stand out in the development of dengue laboratory surveillance. The present paper summarizes the strategies developed for laboratory surveillance of dengue fever and other arboviruses in the period 1970-2017. A description is also provided of the role played by Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute (IPK) as a national reference laboratory(AU)

Análisis de los programas de evaluación del desempeño de malaria de los laboratorios de salud pública y privados de Colombia 2015-2016 / Performance evaluation analysis of malaria's programs of Colombian public and private health laboratories 2015-2016

Resumen Introducción. Para el fortalecimiento de la calidad del diagnóstico de malaria en Colombia, se desarrollan los Programas de Evaluación del Desempeño (PED) en los que participan laboratorios privados y públicos del país. Objetivo. Analizar los resultados obtenidos en los programas de evaluación del desempeño de malaria de los laboratorios de salud pública y privados de Colombia en el lapso 2015-2016. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo retrospectivo mediante la revisión de los resultados obtenidos por los LSP y laboratorios privados participantes en los programas de evaluación directa e indirecta del desempeño (PEDD, PEID) de malaria durante los años 2015 y 2016 en términos de participación, concordancia de positividad y negatividad (Índice Kappa de Cohen), concordancia de especie, de formas parasitarias y de recuento (Z score). Resultados. La participación en el PEID se incrementó de 15% en 2015 a 51% en 2016, así como el total de láminas enviadas que en su mayoría cumplían con los criterios establecidos por el Laboratorio Nacional de referencia (LNR). La participación en el PEDD se incrementó de 88% en 2015 a 94% en 2016, con un Índice Kappa de Cohen de 0,97, una media de concordancia de especie parasitaria de 83,3% y de formas parasitarias de 62,5% y una concordancia del recuento parasitario más frecuente entre -0,9 y 0,9, evidenciándose un mejor desempeño en 2016. Conclusión. Basados en los resultados obtenidos es necesario promover una mayor participación de los LSP en los PED de malaria, especialmente en el PEID y aumentar la participación de los laboratorio privados.

Abstract Introduction. In order to strengthen the quality of malaria diagnosis in Colombia, Performance Evaluation Programs (PED) are developed in which private and public laboratories of the country participate. Objective. To analyze the results obtained in the malaria evaluation programs of the public and private health laboratories of Colombia from 2015 to 2016. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the results obtained by the LSPs and private laboratories participating in the direct and indirect evaluation programs of malaria during the years 2015 and 2016 in terms of participation, concordance of positivity and negativity (Cohen's Kappa Index), species concordance, parasitic and counting agreement (Z score). Results. Participation in PEID increased from 15% in 2015 to 51% in 2016, as well as the total number of sheets sent, which mostly met the criteria established by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL). Participation in the PEDD increased from 88% in 2015 to 94% in 2016, with a Cohen's Kappa Index of 0.97, an average of parasitic species concordance of 83.3% and parasitic forms of 62.5% and a more frequent parasitic count concordance between -0.9 and 0.9, showing a better performance in 2016. Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to promote greater participation of LSPs in malaria PEDs, especially in SIDS, and to increase the participation of private laboratories.

Uso de los Sistemas de Información y Vigilancia Laboratorial / Use of Information Systems and Laboratory Surveillance

El presente documento impulsa, implementa y desarrollo los sistemas de vigilancia e información en salud incluyendo las estadísticas vitales. Sistemas que cuentan con formularios de recolección de información, flujos definidos, tiempos para la notificación e ingreso de datos a los sistemas, cierre de casos así como los responsables de la recolección, la tabulación, la digitación de la información y el control de calidad de la misma. Fortaleciendo así los sistemas de información y vigilancia

This document promotes, implements and develops health surveillance and information systems, including vital statistics. Systems that have information collection forms, defined flows, times for reporting and entering data into the systems, closing cases, as well as those responsible for collecting, tabulating, entering the information and quality control of the same. Thus strengthening information and surveillance systems

A relação da arquitetura com os laboratórios de biossegurança de nível 3 (NB3) / The relationship of architecture with level biosafety laboratories 3 (NB3)

A arquitetura se manteve ao longo dos tempos lado a lado com as crenças mágicas e posteriormente os conceitos científicos sobre a transmissão de doenças, passando por transformações com a descoberta dos micro-organismos no final do século XIX, tornando-se uma grande aliada da biossegurança nos tempos atuais. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a relação da arquitetura com os laboratórios de biossegurança nível 3 (NB3). Para isso, três laboratórios NB3 em funcionamento atualmente, cujos projetos foram pioneiros no Brasil, foram analisados em termos de utilização e estrutura física (dividido em poros, carioteca e núcleo). Foram coletados dados através de levantamento arquitetônico, entrevista com o gestor e entrevista com os usuários dos três laboratórios. Após comparação entre essas características físicas, avaliação dos usuários e literatura existente, foram identificados pontos críticos de grande relevância envolvendo os parâmetros analisados dos laboratórios, entre eles os poros de vestiários de entrada e saída, bancadas, torneiras, parâmetros de bem estar e segurança, parâmetros que interferem no tamanho do laboratório e dutos aparentes de elétrica. Unindo a percepção dos usuários com o ponto de vista do arquiteto, conclui-se que os laboratórios NB3 devem ter seus parâmetros mais bem dimensionados, com especificações atuais e seguras, sem volumes sobre as superfícies e com espaço seguro e confortável para o usuário, coerente com os EPIs e o risco do laboratório. A arquitetura deve continuar o seu legado, tornando um espaço construído a representação física da ciência, e assim demonstrando, através de suas características, sua estreita relação com o conhecimento sobre a transmissão das doenças. (AU)

Architecture has remained throughout history side by side with magical beliefs and later scientific concepts about the transmission of diseases, going through transformations with the discovery of microorganisms in the late nineteenth century, becoming a great ally of biosafety in the present times. The objective of this work is to identify the relationship between the architecture and the biosafety laboratories level 3 (BSL-3). For this, three BSL-3 laboratories currently in operation, whose projects were pioneers in Brazil, were analyzed in terms of use and physical structure (divided into pores, nuclear membrane and core). Data were collected through architectural survey, interview with the manager and interview with users of the three laboratories. After comparing these physical characteristics, the users' evaluation and the existing literature, six critical points were identified as being of major relevance in the analyzed parameters of the laboratories, among them pores of entrance and exit vestibules, benches, taps, wellness parameters and safety, parameters that interfere with the size of the laboratory and apparent electrical ducts. Uniting users' perception with the architect's point of view, it is concluded that NB3 laboratories should have their parameters better sized, with current and safe specifications, with no volumes on the surfaces and with safe and comfortable space for the user, consistent with PPE and laboratory risk. Architecture must continue its legacy, making a constructed space the physical representation of science, and thus demonstrating, through its characteristics, its close relationship with knowledge about the transmission of diseases. (AU)

Gerencia de diagnóstico y vigilancia epidemiológica del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel": Una década de avances y logros / Diagnostic and epidemiological surveillance management The National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel": A decade of advances and achievements

Buscando en los registros de las principales actividades de la Gerencia de Diagnóstico y Vigilancia Epidemiológica ha sido difícil elegir entre tantas vivencias, aquellos elementos que marcaron pauta durante la década 2008 ­ 2018. No obstante, es de resaltar que los desafíos afrontados ante la aparición de brotes, epidemias y la primera pandemia del siglo XXI, trajeron consigo un cúmulo de experiencias que se presentan en este artículo. Como centro nacional de referencia en las áreas de Bacteriología, Micología y Virología, continuamos aportando soluciones a la salud pública nacional mediante la actualización profesional de nuestro personal y la formación de la generación de relevo, en la que participan profesionales de excelencia, altamente especializados y sensibilizados con la problemática y los requerimientos de nuestra población. Asimismo, a través de la coordinación, supervisión y evaluación de la Red de laboratorios de salud pública, se contribuye con el fortalecimiento del diagnóstico de enfermedades transmisibles y vigilancia epidemiológica en el país. El trabajo realizado en estos diez años ha sido excelente, crucial y prioritario para enfrentar las emergencias. Debemos seguir trabajando en dos aspectos claves: 1. Mayor integración del laboratorio con el componente epidemiológico y clínico del país para ser más útiles al sistema de salud, y 2. Consolidar la creación del edificio sede del Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Transmisibles del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR), proyecto en el que estamos trabajando con la asesoría de la OPS/OMS.

Looking at the records of the main activities of the Diagnostic and Epidemiological Surveillance Management, it has been difficult to choose between many experiences, those elements that set the standard during the 2008 ­ 2018 decade. However, it is noteworthy that the challenges faced with the emergence of outbreaks, epidemics and the first pandemic of the 21st century, brought with it a wealth of experiences that are presented in this article. As a national reference center in Bacteriology, Mycology and Virology areas, we continue to provide solutions to public health through the professional updating of our staff and formation of the relief generation, in which participate professionals of excellence, highly specialized and sensitized with the problems and requirements of our population. Likewise, through the coordination, supervision and evaluation of the public health laboratories network, it contributes to the strengthening of the communicable diseases diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance in the country. The work done in these ten years has been excellent, crucial and priority to face emergencies. We must continue working on two key aspects: 1. Greater laboratory integration with the epidemiological and clinical component of the country to be more useful to the health system, and 2. Consolidate headquarters building creation of the National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" (INHRR) Diagnostic Center for Communicable Diseases, project in which we are working with the PAHO / WHO advice.